China produces 20 million cars each year, but all engine controllers are purchased from abroad. Under this premise, we should not focus on hybrid power. The development of electric vehicles on the international stage has not stopped, but it cannot always be developed because the batteries are too heavy. The farther you want to run, the heavier the battery. During the development period, a short cut is to develop hybrid vehicles. A hybrid car uses a small battery equivalent to a reservoir in a car. This small battery requires no more than 1 degree or 2 kWh of electricity. So what's the role of this battery? The motor generates driving force when it is rotating, but it can also be reversed. When it is reversed, it is equivalent to a generator. Therefore, when braking, the motor is actually reversing and it is generating electricity. The small battery on the car can store the electricity generated by the motor during braking and recover some of the energy from braking. Although the hybrid technology is relatively mature, it is the most complicated. It is necessary to control the generator, but also to control the motor, and also to control the battery. At present, China cannot master the core technology. China produces 20 million cars each year, but all engine controllers are purchased from abroad. Under this premise, we should not focus on hybrid power. The simplest is pure electric, with a battery, the car can run, only need to control the generator and battery, so pure electric is the lowest technical difficulty, the smallest challenge. However, it does not run long and the required charging time is long. At present, this is a fatal injury to pure electric vehicles. The 863 Plan defined a concept for electric cars, and all three types of electric cars were counted as electric cars: hybrid, pure electric, and fuel cell cars. The fuel cell technology was first used in aerospace. Unlike fuel cells and internal combustion engines, internal combustion engines require rotation and motion, friction and wear. The fuel cells have a flow of gas, no friction and movement, and long life. In the future, the fuel cell will certainly be cheap because its structure is simple and it only needs one plate and one breathable membrane to clamp it together. A tank of hydrogen can run for 600 kilometers, with greater endurance and refueling capacity, and lower predictable cost. This is the advantage of fuel cell vehicles. Due to the significant breakthroughs in the two key indicators of life and cost, today's auto companies have begun to declare that 2015 will be the first year of industrialization of fuel cell vehicles. However, the huge challenge facing the market is the construction of new infrastructure. The automobile must consider the issue of hydrogen addition. Where does the main hydrogen source come from, and how does it transport? ? None of these have a good plan. Even in 2015, the technology of a fuel cell vehicle is mature enough to support it to run on a large scale on the road, and promotion will still take some time. Located in daily transportation In our country's classification of new energy vehicles, the first one is called plug-in hybrid power. This is different from ordinary hybrid power. The latter is only an energy-saving vehicle. The former's batteries are generally larger, and the second is pure electric. The third type is the fuel cell car. This is what our country now defines as a strategic new industry. Hybrid and pure electric vehicles are now used in China. Daily-use vehicles, such as family cars, should move toward small, purely electric vehicles. Nowadays, pure electric car batteries do not run 500 kilometers like an internal combustion engine and can run up to 120 kilometers. However, there is always room for new things. The advantage of an electric car lies in its speed. There is no problem with running at speeds of 120 kilometers per hour; the voice is very light and the dynamics are not bad; the downside is that it is not far from running. It can be calculated that, in general, the total mileage of a family car rarely exceeds 20,000 kilometers per year, and the daily mileage is usually less than 100 kilometers. If you only use electric vehicles to work, there is no problem. As an everyday vehicle, electric vehicles can fully meet our needs, and short mileage is no longer a disadvantage. In addition, the use of electric vehicles is a very good supplement to the energy industry. Energy companies encourage everyone to use electricity at night and have half the electricity bill. However, if you have an electric car, you can use the time of the night to charge and solve the problem of long charging time. The only fuel cell that does not yet have large-scale use is fuel cells. For buses, the best option is to use fuel cell cars. As far as Shanghai is concerned, the urban population is so dense that the more environmental-friendly technology should be placed first, and the source of hydrogen in Shanghai is no problem. This was tested during the World Expo. In addition, the price of hydrogen is cheaper than using oil, so the price of a fuel cell car is basically close to that of a pure electric vehicle. Assuming that one day's driving range is 300 kilometers, a battery of 300 kilometers is prepared, and a part of the battery is prepared and a fuel cell is added to generate electricity. The price has begun to approach. How expensive is the new energy car? The subsidy policy that China is now using is not conducive to market development. The country sells in the form of a reversed-price policy. People will think this is not a good thing. In terms of cost, the market price of a 1 kWh battery is 3,000 yuan, and a battery with 20 kWh can guarantee a distance of 150 kilometers and it costs 60,000 yuan. A small amount of 70,000 yuan for internal combustion engine cars will be bought home. If the same electric car is sold for 130,000 yuan, no one is willing to buy it. China is now subsidizing the 60,000 yuan and encouraging consumers to buy it. Without subsidies, is the cost of electric cars even higher? Can be recalculated. The current electric car battery can generally run about 150,000 kilometers, 1 kilowatt runs 10 kilometers, 150,000 kilometer needs 15,000 kilowatts of electricity. According to the calculation of Shanghai's nighttime rate of RMB 0.3/kWh, the energy cost of electric vehicles is 4,500 yuan, plus a battery of 60,000 yuan. The total energy cost is 65,000 yuan. If you use a gasoline-powered car, you need 7 liters of oil to run 100 kilometers, and you need 10,500 liters of oil to run 150,000 kilometers. Calculated by 10,000 liters of oil, the price of oil is now almost 8 yuan/liter, and the total energy cost is 80,000 yuan. Obviously, More than 65,000 yuan for electric cars. The reason why people think that electric cars are expensive is because we still calculate the way we buy traditional cars. This is like buying a diesel locomotive and asking customers to pay 80,000 yuan in fuel. Because customers are accustomed to the conventional payment model of diesel locomotives, that is how much it costs, so that everyone is not used to receiving electric cars. To promote electric vehicles, new methods must be used to solve the problem. The simplest is to adopt low-interest loans to buy houses and repay monthly loans. This can show the cost advantage of electric vehicles. The idea behind the exchange of electricity facilities The use of electric vehicles could balance the problem of the differences in human day and nighttime work habits with the energy industry. If large electric currents are to be used to charge electric vehicles during the day, once electric vehicles are put into use on a large scale, they will cause energy shortages. The construction of the charging pile in the residential area requires only the cable to be charged. In public places, some charging piles can be built in areas where there are cables, and the charges are more expensive. The purpose is not to encourage everyone to charge during the day, but it can be used for emergency purposes, so as to balance the energy saving and emission reduction. Now, all parties consider from their own local interests, auto factories are reluctant to invest because they do not see the market's prospects. State Grid [microblogging] from charging to "replacement" as the main technical line, there is currently a lot of controversy. The automobile is not the same as the general product. It has a recall system. Once a problem occurs in a car, the first responsible person is the constructor. The battery is a key part of the car, and the way to change the battery will make the future responsibility unclear. Even if you want to change the battery, it should be done by the automaker, and you can change the power in special applications. It is not appropriate to set the standard for battery replacement by the State Grid. As for the national electric grid, electric cars are not the same as home electricity. They need to be priced separately. How can the electricity from a production facility be different? Why differentiate pricing? Nowadays, many charging stations have been built across the country. They waste electricity and nobody uses it. They spend a lot of money. Government guidance requires system solutions Pure electric may be difficult to promote in other countries, but it is very promising in China. As far as the United States and Europe are concerned, electric cars are not easy to develop, because their car culture and energy pressure make them not do everything they can to do it. And our country’s car culture is forming. This is our opportunity. We now compete with others in technology and industry. It is like a tortoise-to-rain race. If the rabbit sleeps, the turtle will continue to climb, and there will be a chance of winning. Technological advancement requires the market. Without market, technology can only run in the laboratory and there will always be problems. In order to open the market, it is necessary for the state to issue a system of policies and build a system of transportation culture so that the people of the country can understand that electric vehicles are good means of transportation. It is mainly used for short-duration commuting in cities. The country needs to guide a conservation-oriented society, and this guidance has to rely on reasonable policy support. As a result, new energy vehicle technologies are increasingly optimized, costs are getting lower and lower, and performance is getting better and better. These core technologies, such as batteries, motors, and controls Not only in the lab but also on the road. Although these technologies have now run to the streets on a small scale, there are still some people who worry and doubt. this is normal. Because there is no large production, the production equipment will not be able to vote and things will not be good. The reason why it does not invest is because manufacturers have not seen the market and prospects. Nowadays, a car company that invests in the production of an internal-combustion engine model has to invest hundreds of billions of yuan, but no one who makes an electric vehicle invests more than one billion yuan. Businesses do not see the market. The government should not use money, but should use the market to drive business investment. Technology is not a problem. As long as the policy is introduced, investment is put into practice, and the quality is reliable, the market will open and the volume will increase, and the cost will be reduced. This is a virtuous cycle. The government can create another market. The pure electric service serves daily commuting, and the extended hybrid car can run a bit further. In a plug-in hybrid car, the battery of a range-extended hybrid car can only run 100 kilometers. If a range extender is installed, it can run to 300 kilometers. It is misunderstood that some people are opposed to pure electric and hybrid electric motors, and the opposite between fuel cells and pure electric motors. Their market is formed at different stages, many key technologies are common, pure electric vehicles are developed, and the increased range of hybrid electric motors is easier to develop. After the fuel cell infrastructure is built up, the generator set is replaced with fuel cells. It has become a fuel cell extender for electric vehicles. It only needs to set up a hydrogen refueling station on the highway. In this way, pure electric, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cells are unified. The only way to take subsidies is to not open the market. There is no systematic solution. It is the biggest problem in promoting electric vehicles. The development of pure electric vehicles is a road for Chinese cars to break through, and it can also drive plug-in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. It is best to persuade a city to promote the experiment and form a systematic and lasting measure. Well-tested, other cities will follow, and slowly, the entire new energy vehicle market has developed.
Sun Shade Net named Shade Netting,Shadow Net,Agriculture Shade Net,Sunshade Net ,Widely used in agriculture ,Greenhouse ,Shade net has the effect of Shelter from the sun, cover the rain, moisturize, and cool down In summer ,And In Winter ,Heat preservation and humidity increase.Shade net main export market has Asia, Middle East,Australasia, Central/South America,Europe,Africa,North America..And we have over 300 Workers ,20 Set machines ,professional designer,ISO 9001 ,We can meet the different need of our customers .
Shade Net Sun Shade Net,Sand Color Shade Net,Sand Color Sun Shade Net,High Weight Sand Color Shade Net HEBEI TUOHUA METAL PRODUCTS CO.,LTD , http://www.penetting.com